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However, in MS-DOS's early days, the greater speed attainable by programs through direct control of hardware was of particular importance, especially for games, which often pushed the limits of their contemporary hardware.

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This design would have worked well for compatibility, if application programs had only used MS-DOS services to perform device I/O, and indeed the same design philosophy is embodied in Windows NT (see Hardware Abstraction Layer).

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Some machines, like the Tandy 2000, were MS-DOS compatible but not IBM-compatible, so they could run software written exclusively for MS-DOS without dependence on the peripheral hardware of the IBM PC architecture. Thus, there were many different versions of 'MS-DOS' for different hardware, and there is a major distinction between an IBM-compatible (or ISA) machine and an MS-DOS machine.

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The OEM would use a development kit provided by Microsoft to build a version of MS-DOS with their basic I/O drivers and a standard Microsoft kernel, which they would typically supply on disk to end users along with the hardware. To this end, MS-DOS was designed with a modular structure with internal device drivers (the DOS BIOS), minimally for primary disk drives and the console, integrated with the kernel and loaded by the boot loader, and installable device drivers for other devices loaded and integrated at boot time. Each computer would have its own distinct hardware and its own version of MS-DOS, similar to the situation that existed for CP/M, and with MS-DOS emulating the same solution as CP/M to adapt for different hardware platforms. It was designed to be an OS that could run on any 8086-family computer. Within a year, Microsoft licensed MS-DOS to over 70 other companies. They also licensed MS-DOS 1.10/1.14 to IBM, which, in August 1981, offered it as PC DOS 1.0 as one of three operating systems for the IBM 5150, or the IBM PC. Microsoft kept the version number, but renamed it MS-DOS. Microsoft, which needed an operating system for the IBM Personal Computer, hired Tim Paterson in May 1981 and bought 86-DOS 1.10 for US$75,000 in July of the same year. This first version was shipped in August 1980. Development of 86-DOS took only six weeks, as it was basically a clone of Digital Research's CP/M (for 8080/Z80 processors), ported to run on 8086 processors and with two notable differences compared to CP/M: an improved disk sector buffering logic, and the introduction of FAT12 instead of the CP/M filesystem. MS-DOS was a renamed form of 86-DOS В вЂ“ owned by Seattle Computer Products, written by Tim Paterson. HistoryДЇurther information: DOS and Timeline of DOS operating systems It was also the underlying basic operating system on which early versions of Windows ran as a GUI. Ultimately, it was the key product in Microsoft's development from a programming language company to a diverse software development firm, providing the company with essential revenue and marketing resources. Progressive version releases delivered support for other mass storage media in ever greater sizes and formats, along with added feature support for newer processors and rapidly evolving computer architectures.

Initially, MS-DOS was targeted at Intel 8086 processors running on computer hardware using floppy disks to store and access not only the operating system, but application software and user data as well. Although MS-DOS and PCВ DOS were initially developed in parallel by Microsoft and IBM, the two products diverged after twelve years, in 1993, with recognizable differences in compatibility, syntax, and capabilities.Дuring its lifetime, several competing products were released for the x86 platform, and MS-DOS went through eight versions, until development ceased in 2000. IBM licensed and re-released it in 1981 as PCВ DOS 1.0 for use in its PCs. MS-DOS was the main operating system for IBM PC compatible personal computers during the 1980s, from which point it was gradually superseded by operating systems offering a graphical user interface (GUI), in various generations of the graphical Microsoft Windows operating system. Collectively, MS-DOS, its rebranding as IBM PCВ DOS, and some operating systems attempting to be compatible with MS-DOS, are sometimes referred to as 'DOS' (which is also the generic acronym for disk operating system). MS-DOS ( / ЛЊ Й› m ЛЊ Й› s Л€ d Й’ s/ em-es- DOSS acronym for Microsoft Disk Operating System, also known as Microsoft DOS) is an operating system for x86-based personal computers mostly developed by Microsoft. MS-DOS versions 1x-7.0 unsupported as of Decem MS-DOS versions 7.10 and 8.0 unsupported as of July 11, 2006. Command-line ( COMMAND.COM), text ( DOS Shell)

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